The report is organized into five sections. Section 1 provides an overview of how child care quality is conceptualized, as well as the link between high-quality programmatic inputs and a provider’s operating costs. Section 2 explores research examining the role infant-toddler child care can play in at-risk children’s learning and development. Section 3 turns to research on the relationship between federally funded Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF) subsidies and infant and toddler child care quality. Section 4 highlights rigorous studies, including randomized trials, that investigated the child development impacts of infant-toddler child care interventions. Finally, Section 5 summarizes key findings and discusses gaps in the research base and implications for a policy-focused infant-toddler child care research agenda. (author abstract)