In sum, this study points out distinctions between UPK settings, both positive and negative, which should be fully understood as the UPK expansion continues in NYC and elsewhere. These distinctions are rooted in structural issues, far from unique to NYC, and are amenable to carefully considered policy changes. Addressing them will require innovative policies, the identification of funding mechanisms, and a recognition that uniformly positive outcomes for children and families depend on coherent systems for ECEC services. (author abstract)