The current project is a multi-agency collaborative effort designed to enhance an existing infrastructure of infant mental health services within Early Head Start. As part of the effort, intervention services and data collection will be carried out by teams of Early Head Start social workers, community-based early intervention specialists, and university-based clinical and academic staff. The goals of this project are to provide effective and culturally competent mental health services to high risk families with young children, including families struggling with poverty, violence, and potential delays in children's development; test hypotheses related to transactional theories of child development in high-risk families across cultural groups; and contribute to the empirical literature on the efficacy of parent-infant psychotherapy in improving family and child functioning and development. The project will target 128 high-risk children and families in Miami-Dade County, for whom screening, including observations of parent-child interactions and children in their classrooms will be conducted. Following the screening, intensive parent-infant psychotherapy will be implemented with 30 families observed to be at risk for relationship difficulties and developmental delays. Assessments will include the quality of the parent-child relationship, multiple domains of child development, exposure to violence in the community and at home, parenting stress, and children's adaptive functioning. The project is designed to be longitudinal in nature, assessing both short- and long-term effects of parent-infant therapy on family and child functioning across multiple cultural groups.