In this chapter, we propose a comprehensive approach to meeting the needs of the most disadvantaged with a "reinvention" of one of the nation's most important antipoverty programs: Head Start. Head Start has an infrastructure of programs across the country in areas of concentrated disadvantage and a history of providing services to children from early in life. Our reenvisioned Head Start would focus on the prenatal period to three years of age by providing intensive, coordinated services to those growing up in the most-disadvantaged communities, as well as those in other communities who experience high levels of family adversity. (author abstract)